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Urinary Tract Infection And Antibiotic Resistance
chlamydia transmission As a result of concerns about antibiotic resistance, doctors in the United States are increasingly prescribing newer, more costly and more powerful antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections, one of the most common illnesses in women.
New research at Oregon State University suggests that the more powerful medications are used more frequently than necessary, and they recommend that doctors and patients discuss the issues involved with antibiotic therapy - and only use the stronger drugs if really neeeded.
Urinary tract infections are some of the most commonly treated infections in outpatient settings, with cystitis being the most common type. Cystitis is usually caused by E. coli bacteria that reside in the gut without causing problems, but sometimes they can cause infection.
The OSU research reports that between 1998 and 2009, about 2 percent of all doctor's office visits by adult women were for this problem, and antibiotics were prescribed 71 percent of the time.
The problem, experts say, is that overuse of the most powerful drugs, especially quinolone antibiotics, speeds the development of bacterial resistance to these drugs. Antibiotic resistance is a natural evolutionary process by which microbes adapt to the selective pressure of medications. Some survive, and pass on their resistant traits.
These issues have gained global prominence with the dangerous and life-threatening MRSA bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but experts say resistance is a similar concern in many other bacteria.
"Many people have heard about the issues with MRSA and antibiotic resistance, but they don't realize that some of our much more common and frequent infections raise the same concerns," said Jessina McGregor, an OSU assistant professor of pharmacy and expert in development of drug resistance.
Since older, inexpensive and more targeted drugs can work for treating urinary tract infections, they should be considered before the more powerful ones, she said.
"This problem is getting worse, and it's important that we not use the new and stronger drugs unless they are really needed," McGregor said. "That's in everyone's best interests, both the patient and the community. So people should talk with their doctor about risks and benefits of different treatment options to find the antibiotic best suited for them, even if it is one of the older drugs."
McGregor recently presented data at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, which showed that prescriptions for quinolones rose 10 percent in recent years, while other drugs that may be equally effective in treating cystitis remained unchanged.
"Because of higher levels of antibiotic resistance to older drugs in some regions, some doctors are now starting with what should be their second choice of antibiotic, not the first," McGregor said. "We need to conserve the effectiveness of all these anti-infective medications as best we can."
Researchers at OSU are developing tools to help physicians select the most appropriate antibiotic for each individual. Additional information such as detailed history of past medication use, knowledge of local community levels of resistance and better doctor-patient communication can help.
"Cystitis is incredibly common, but that's part of the reason this is a concern," McGregor said. "It's one of the most common reasons that many women see a doctor and are prescribed an antibiotic. And any infection can be serious if we don't have medications that can help stop it, which is why we need to preserve the effectiveness of all our antibiotics as long as we can."
Antibiotics Helpful in Chlamydia-Induced Reactive Arthritis
Reactive arthritis that is due to chlamydia transmission is infection responds to antibiotic therapy. Other infectious causes of the condition do not.
So it is worth checking the synovial fluid of affected joints for evidence of chlamydia polymerase chain reaction (PCR), according to Dr. Atul Deodhar, professor of medicine at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland.
In a recent randomized trial, 6 months of rifampin plus either azithromycin or doxycycline significantly improved outcomes versus placebo in patients with chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis. Synovial fluid PCRs were positive for chlamydia in all 42 patients (Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:1298-307).
The study "has changed my practice. I now send synovial fluid for PCR. I have found several patients" positive for chlamydia, "and we are treating them with antibiotics," Dr. Deodhar said; he also sends urine samples for chlamydia testing.
The primary end point in the study – an improvement of 20% or more in at least four of six variables such as swollen joint count – was achieved by 17 of 27 antibiotic patients (63%) but only 3 of 15 placebo patients (20%). Six patients treated with antibiotics but none of the patients in the placebo group went into complete remission during the trial. Patients on antibiotic were also more likely to clear chlamydia from their joints.
It’s a different story when reactive arthritis is triggered by gastrointestinal pathogens such as salmonella, shigella, campylobacter, and yersinia. In those cases, "avoid antibiotics," Dr. Deodhar said.
He and his colleagues found antibiotic therapy just didn’t help in a population study of 575 likely reactive arthritis cases among 6,379 people with culture-confirmed GI infections. His team confirmed reactive arthritis in 54 of the 82 (66%) subjects they were able to exam. Enthesitis was the most frequent finding; arthritis was less common (Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2008;67:1689-96).
Some patients had been given antibiotics for their GI infections, others not. It "didn’t really make any difference to patients developing or not developing reactive arthritis or the severity of it. Antibiotics are not going to prevent people with dysentery from developing reactive arthritis," Dr. Deodhar said.
They also found that the presence or absence of human leukocyte antigen B27 did not predict risk. In sporadic reactive arthritis cases, the presence of the antigen is "not actually that important in deciding if someone has or does not have reactive arthritis," he said.
Onset of reactive arthritis comes a few days to a maximum of several weeks following the inducing infection. Asymmetrical mono- or oligoarthritis of the lower extremity is the most common joint finding. Uveitis, dactylitis, and enthesitis are also possible.
Besides antibiotics for chlamydia-induced disease, sulfasalazine and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors may help with difficult cases.
Few Sexually Active Women Get Chlamydia Test
Nearly two-thirds of sexually active young women don't get regular chlamydia transmission, a CDC study finds.
That means more than 9 million young American women don't know whether they've been infected, study leader Karen Hoover, MD, MPH, said in a teleconference from this week's National STD Prevention Conference in Minneapolis.
And the odds of being infected are pretty high: Chlamydia is the most common STD, as well as the most common reportable infection in the U.S.
"There were 1.3 million reported cases of chlamydia in 2010, but the CDC believes the actual number is more than twice that -- 2.8 million new cases each year in the U.S.," Gail Bolan, MD, director of STD prevention at the CDC, said at the teleconference.
Among women, nearly 5% of 19-year-olds and more than 1% of 15-year-olds are infected. Men are at least as likely to be infected. But it's women who suffer the most severe consequences. That's because chlamydia infection often is silent -- without symptoms -- until the infection becomes more serious.
Left untreated, 10% to 15% of women will get pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). And up to 15% of those women will be left infertile. And some will die from chlamydia-related ectopic pregnancy.
The CDC recommends an annual chlamydia test for any sexually active woman age 25 and younger. Women over age 25 should get annual tests if they have a new sex partner or have multiple sex partners. Routine screening isn't recommended for men.
When diagnosed, chlamydia is easily treated. But treatment isn't permanent, as Kelly Morrison Opdyke, MPH, and colleagues found in another conference presentation.
Opdyke's Cicatelli Associates Inc. team studied 63,774 people who tested positive for chlamydia from 2007 to 2009. They found that 25% of men and 16% of women have a new chlamydia infection when retested within six months.
And those are just the people who get another test. People who show up for screening tests tend to be healthier than those who don't. Yet only 11% of men and 21% of women got that chlamydia retest in the Opdyke study.
Those who test positive for chlamydia are supposed to get a repeat test three months after treatment. Sex partners should be evaluated and treated as well. Women are at increased risk for reinfection if their sex partners have not been treated appropriately.
Unfortunately, you might not be able to rely on your health care provider to offer you that test.
California Department of Health researcher Holly Howard, MPH, and colleagues studied six of their state's large family planning clinics. They found that only 70% of patients were retested for chlamydia or for gonorrhea, the second most common STD.
When the clinics installed pop-up reminders on patients' computer records -- using existing billing software -- the retesting rate went up to 86%.
To remind patients to ask for chlamydia retests, SUNY Buffalo researcher Gale Burstein, MD, MPH, and colleagues used a simple email system. Four to five weeks after testing positive for chlamydia or gonorrhea, students got an automated email reminder. That was followed by a personal email and, if needed, a telephone call.
What happened? Retest rates for chlamydia went from 16% to 89%.
"We must not only increase chlamydia screening rates but ensure re-testing," Bolan said. "And we must encourage and support individuals' efforts to protect themselves. This may mean abstaining from sex, reducing the number of sex partners, or proper condom use."
A brand new roster update is now out there to download for "NBA 2K16," and it properly accounts for the stellar performances which have been place on by some of the league's very best players this postseason.
Initially off, two members of the San Antonio Spurs are having greater general ratings courtesy of your recently released update.
Spurs swingman Kawhi Leonard had his all round rating bumped as much as 94, while teammate LaMarcus Aldridge had his mark elevated by two points, placing it at 89, after posting a strong get started to the postseason.
Klay Thompson, shooting guard for the Golden State Warriors, also had his general mark raised up to 90 as he has stepped into a bigger role in the wake of teammate Stephen Curry sustaining an injury.
Other players who received larger general ratings courtesy on the newest "NBA 2K18 My Team" patch have been Cleveland Cavaliers teammates Kyrie Irving and J.R. Smith, at the same time as Miami Heat forward Luol Deng.
The latest roster update also decreased the general ratings of some players who've struggled this postseason, as could be noticed within this post shared by Operation Sports.
Two players received 3 point drops by means of the latest roster update, using the initially becoming San Antonio Spurs point guard Tony Parker, who had his overall rating drop all the way down to 79.
Al Horford of your Atlanta Hawks was the other player to incur a three point drop, and his overall mark now sits at buy now.
For many teams within the Buy 2K18 Coins, the off-season is currently properly underway.
Most organizations will aim to re-shuffle their rosters inside the summer time to come, but some teams just like the Kings, Timberwolves and Nets have currently undergone large modifications, bringing in new coaches to revive or push their franchises forward. Meanwhile, other squads just like the Knicks, Rockets, Pacers and Grizzlies are nevertheless trying to find the proper fit to be their voice of your future.
Inside the spirit from the always-weird NBA off-season (seriously, Dave Joerger The Kings), we decided to rank each and every head coaching job within the league. In other words, if each single NBA job have been out there ideal now, which would be one of the most desirable The very best option might be clear, the rest not so much...
30. Brooklyn Nets: This is such a bleak job. No young talent. A somewhat oft-injured center. Jay Z doesnˉt personal part of the team any longershould really just transform their colourtotally unproven (however calling the shots!) and DeMarcus Cousins most likely currently hates you. Also, youˉll be trying to find a new job inside a year.
28. Phoenix Suns: Not a great ownership circumstance, and trending down because their one particular surprising season in 2014. Devin Booker is really a good piece, but have you noticed that Tyson Chandler contract Woof click here.